Experiments for a microscope at home. Summary of directly organized activities on the topic: "Miracles in the microscope!" using multimedia

Introduction
Isn't one of the schoolchildren interested in the structure of all life on Earth? We constantly ask the hardest questions to dads, moms and teachers at school. I am always interested in how objects are arranged, I am interested in experiments, I like to make discoveries, learn something new.
Once I saw a microscope in one of the cartoons, they talked very interestingly about its device. I immediately wanted to check how it works and what can be seen in it. In addition, I was given this wonderful device for the New Year!

Purpose of my research: explore the possibilities of the microscope, its application in different professions. Create a microscope with your own hands.

Research objectives:
1. Learn the history of the microscope.
2. Find out what microscopes are made of and what they can be.
3. Conduct experiments with research elements.

Object of study is the study of the microscope, and the subject is its capabilities.

In this work, the method of observation, the study of special literature was used: a dictionary, an encyclopedia, an experiment, watching a TV show, talking with adults.

Microscope
What is a microscope
Microscope (from Greek - small and look) - optical instrument to obtain enlarged images of objects that are invisible naked eye.
A microscope can be called an instrument that reveals secrets. It's fun to look at things through a microscope.

The history of the microscope
And who invented this miracle - a microscope? In the 16th century in Holland there lived a master who made glasses for people with low vision. He made glasses and sold them to anyone who needed it. He had two children, two boys. They were very fond of climbing into their father's workshop and playing with his instruments and glasses. And then one day, when the father went away somewhere, the guys made their way, as usual, to his desk. Glasses prepared for spectacles lay on the table, and in the corner lay a short copper tube: from it the master was going to cut out rings - spectacle frames. The guys squeezed spectacle glass into the ends of the tube. The older boy put a tube to his eye and looked at the page of an open book that was lying on the table here. To his surprise, the letters became huge. The younger looked into the phone and shouted, amazed: he saw a comma, but what a comma - it looked like a fat worm! The guys pointed the tube at the glass dust and saw not dust, but a bunch of glass grains. The tube turned out to be downright magical: it greatly enlarged all objects. The children told their father about their discovery. He did not even scold them: he was so surprised by the unusual pipe. He tried to make another tube with the same glasses, long and extendable. The new tube increased even better. This was the first microscope.
microscopes in different years looked different, but every year they became more and more complex, and they began to have many details.

Over time, other craftsmen also began to try to invent microscopes.
The first large compound microscope was made by the English physicist Robert Hooke in the 17th century.
This is what microscopes looked like in the 18th century. There were many travelers in the 18th century. And they needed to have a travel microscope that would fit in a bag or jacket pocket. In the first half of the XVIII century. A "pocket" microscope, designed by the English optician J. Wilson, was often used.

How does a microscope work
Having studied special literature: encyclopedias, a dictionary, watching an educational TV show, a presentation, watching the device itself, can I say what the microscope consists of?
All microscopes consist of the following parts:

Part of the microscope What do you need
the eyepiece magnifies the image received from the lens
lens provides magnification of a small object
tube telescope, connects the lens and the eyepiece
the adjustment screw raises and lowers the tube, allows you to zoom in and out of the object of study
subject table on it is placed the subject of consideration
a mirror helps to direct the light into the hole on the stage.
There are no unnecessary parts in this wonderful device. Every detail is very important.
There is also a backlight and clips.

Types of microscopes
I also learned what microscopes can be. AT modern world all microscopes can be divided:
1) Educational microscopes. They are also called school or children's.
Educational or children's microscopes are the easiest to build and use. The main task of such a microscope is to teach a child to use a microscope and to interest him in this area of ​​science.

2) Digital microscopes. The main task of a digital microscope is not just to show an object in an enlarged form, but also to take a photo or shoot a video. A digital microscope is an interactive piece of equipment that consists of the microscope itself and a digital camera.
When working with a digital microscope, you can magnify the image of the object under study many times over, transfer the obtained data to a computer, show them to others using a projector, and save the results of the study for further use.

3) Laboratory microscopes. The main task laboratory microscope are conducting specific research in various fields science, industry, medicine. A laboratory microscope is already a professional optical device, with which many Scientific research and scientific discoveries are made.

4) X-ray microscope - a device that examines the microscopic structure and structure of an object using x-rays. The X-ray microscope has great potential.

Experiments.
Experiment No. 1 on creating a microscope with your own hands.
When we were looking for information about the history of the microscope, we learned on one of the sites that you can make your own microscope from a drop of water. Together with the microscope, I was presented with an album for conducting experiments “Young Chemist”. And then I decided to try to conduct an experiment to create such a microscope. A small microscope can be made from a drop of water. A drop of water will serve me as a lens (magnifying loupe).
To do this, you need to take thick paper, pierce a hole in it with a thick needle and carefully place a drop of water on it. The microscope is ready! Bring this drop to the newspaper - the letters have increased. The smaller the drop, the greater the magnification. In the first microscope, invented by Leeuwenhoek, everything was done just like that, only the droplet was glass.
Starting work on the invention of my microscope, I needed the help of an adult mother. She suggested a slight change in the way the device was invented. For work we needed:
1. Candy box with transparent decorative inserts.
2. A jar of water.
3. Pipette.
4. Sheet of paper with text.
When we collected all this, we began to create a microscope model.
Step 1: For the experiment, I took a jar of water.
Step 2: Using scissors, I cut off from the box upper part, in which there were transparent inserts made of a dense film, which will later be a mirror.
Step 3: Apply a drop of water to the transparent film with a pipette
Step 4: I looked at the text while supporting the blank over the sheet of text and saw that the letters increase when you look at them through a drop of water. Here's what happened:

Experiment #2 Conducting an experiment using a training microscope.
Not so long ago we were asked a very interesting homework around the world. We had to experiment with snow. Observe what happens to him at room temperature and find out what kind of snow it is: clean or dirty.
For the experiment I needed:
1. A glass of snow
2. 2 flasks
3. Funnel with filter (cotton pad)
4. Pipette
5. Educational microscope
When we collected all this, we started the experiment.
Step 1: for the experiment, I took a glass, filled it with snow.
Step 2: put a glass of snow on the table, wrote down the time. The clock was 19:45
Step 3: when the clock was 20:45 the snow completely melted and turned into water.
Step 4: in order to find out if the snow was clean, I took a funnel and a cotton pad that served as a filter.
Step 5: from one flask with the help of a funnel poured melted water into another flask
Step 6: I took the filter out of the funnel and put it under the microscope.
My research showed that dirt particles remained on the filter, the water was cleaned through a cotton pad. This means that the snow only seems white and clean, but in fact contains dirty substances and microbes.
Step 7: I took a sample of purified water for analysis with a pipette and saw that it was almost pure.

Conclusion
So I succeeded:

1. Explore the possibilities of a microscope, its application in various professions.
2. Create a microscope with your own hands.
3. Learn the history of the microscope.
4. Find out what microscopes are made of and what they can be.
5. Conduct experiments with research elements.
6. Create your own microscope at home from improvised means using a drop of water!

Every child strives to explore the world and make new discoveries for himself every day. For inquisitive children, a great gift will bechildren's digital microscope , because it will allow you to consider what is impossible to see with the naked eye.

See in detail how human skin is arranged or a simple leaf from a tree, an insect wing or an onion scale that floats in a small drop of water, what pollen looks like on a flower and many others amazing pictures, with which the microcosm is so rich - all this easily allows you to make a children's digital microscope.

Microscopes for children are easy to use, but at the same time they teach the child how to properly handle the instrument, experiment, observe and develop a thirst for knowledge. And various accessories, such as glasses, cones, etc., will make research more exciting.

Children's digital microscope is very convenient to use: powerful enough digital camera transmits the enlarged image of various objects it captures to a wide computer monitor, so the observer does not have to squint and look carefully, as is the case when working with a conventional microscope.

Another no less interesting advantage of a digital microscope over a conventional one is that it can be used to take photographs of an enlarged image, and then create a whole album of a small researcher.

Experiments with a microscope for children

1. Teaching children the basic rules of hygiene will be much easier if you use a children's microscope for this purpose. Just show your child what unwashed hands look like under a microscope and be sure: he, without the help of adults, will run to the washbasin every time he needs it and even more often. The sight of ugly microbes and bacteria swarming on unwashed vegetables and fruits will also disgust the child.

2. With a children's microscope, you can read very small print on various food labels.

3. It is no less interesting to study under a microscope all the structural features of banknotes (or check them for the presence of "watermarks" and other security symbols of genuine banknotes).

4. Examine a drop of water from a stagnant pool for amoebas and ciliates (you can take water from a vase with a bouquet of flowers).

5. Excellent objects for children's research are, no doubt, insects. Where to take samples for examination is up to you, but you should not catch and kill insects on purpose, even for the sake of science. There is no need to make this approach the norm for the baby. Exceptions may be "harmful" insects: fly, mosquito, cockroach, Colorado potato beetle. These "annoyers" can always be found in abundance. Look for a butterfly wing in the meadow - pollen is visible on it under a microscope. Examine the web - you can always find dead small insects there.

6. It is very interesting to consider with the baby the composition of the black soil (the remains of plants and even living insects are clearly visible), grains of sand (beautiful round crystals) and viscous clay.

7. Collect several types of lichens: they are amazingly beautiful under a microscope. It is interesting to look at the moss, often you can find tiny insects in it, which are practically invisible to the naked eye.

8. Break off a piece of the bark of different trees - a little biologist will have enough work for a long time.

Classes with a microscope will help the baby expand knowledge about the world around him, create the necessary conditions for cognitive activity, experimentation, systematic observation of all kinds of living and non-living objects.

Prepared by Maryana Chornovil

Duration: 4 weeks

Target:

Explore the possibilities of a microscope for objects of animate and inanimate nature

Tasks:

1. Learn the history of the microscope.

2. Find out what microscopes are made of and what they can be.

3. Conduct experiments with research elements.

Project relevance

Among preschoolers, it is not easy to find those who are not interested in the structure of all life on Earth. Every day children ask dozens the toughest questions to their moms and dads. Curious kids are definitely interested in everything: what animals and plants consist of, what nettles burn, why some leaves are smooth and others are fluffy, like a grasshopper chirps, why the tomato is red, and the cucumber is green. And it is the microscope that will provide an opportunity to find answers to many children's "why". Much more interesting than just listening mother's story about some cells there, but to look at these cells with my own eyes. It's hard to even imagine how exciting pictures can be seen through the eyepiece of a microscope, what amazing discoveries your little naturalist will make.

Classes with a microscope will help the baby to expand knowledge about the world around him, create the necessary conditions for cognitive activity, experimentation, systematic observation of all kinds of living and non-living objects. The baby will develop curiosity, interest in the phenomena taking place around him. He will ask questions and look for answers on his own. A little researcher will be able to take a completely different look at the simplest things, see their beauty and uniqueness. All this will form a solid basis for further development and learning.

The project is designed to show children, using the example of a microscope, the possibilities of using instruments to study objects and phenomena of the world around them, broaden their horizons, involve them in experimental and project activities using a microscope.

Project Implementation Mechanism

The implementation of the project was carried out through the selection of material, conducting experiments.

Expected results

• Increasing the level of environmental education of preschool children.
• The emergence of a desire to experiment using a microscope.
• Gain practical knowledge on the use of a microscope.

Main part

The history of the creation of the microscope.

Microscope (from Greek - small and look) - an optical device for obtaining enlarged images of objects invisible to the naked eye.

It's fun to look at something through a microscope. But who invented this miracle - a microscope?

Three hundred and fifty years ago, a spectacle master lived in the Dutch city of Middelburg. He patiently polished glasses, made glasses and sold them to anyone who needed it. He had two children - two boys. They were very fond of climbing into their father's workshop and playing with his instruments and glasses, although this was forbidden to them. And then one day, when the father went away somewhere, the guys made their way, as usual, to his workbench - is there anything new that you can have fun with? Glasses prepared for glasses lay on the table, and in the corner lay a short copper tube: from it the master was going to cut out rings - a frame for glasses. The guys squeezed spectacle glass into the ends of the tube. The older boy put a tube to his eye and looked at the page of an open book that was lying on the table here. To his surprise, the letters became huge. The younger looked into the phone and shouted, amazed: he saw a comma, but what a comma - it looked like a fat worm! The guys aimed the tube at the glass dust left after the glass was polished. And they saw not dust, but a bunch of glass grains. The tube turned out to be downright magical: it greatly enlarged all objects. The children told their father about their discovery. He did not even scold them: he was so surprised by the extraordinary property of the pipe. He tried to make another tube with the same glasses, long and extendable. The new tube increased even better. This was the first microscope. It was accidentally invented in 1590 by the spectacle master Zakharia Jansen, or rather, his children.

A microscope can be called an instrument that reveals secrets. Microscopes looked different in different years, but every year they became more and more complex, and they began to have many details.

Types of microscopes.

There are many various kinds magnifying devices. For example, magnifiers, telescopes, binoculars, microscopes. What are microscopes?

There are 3 types of microscopes.

1. The optical microscope, which was invented back in the 16th century. It consists of 2 lenses, one of which is for the eye, the other for the object you want to see.

2. Electron microscope was invented in the early 20th century. The observed object is scanned by an electron laser, which analyzes the particles using a computer that recreates a three-dimensional image of the observed object.

3. Scanning tunneling microscope and atomic force microscope were invented later, they can be used to see infinitely small particles.

Chemists use a microscope to study molecules. By seeing what is invisible to the naked eye, they can mix molecules and create new materials called plastics.

Doctors and biologists use the microscope to understand the functioning of living organisms. With the help of a microscope, doctors study various diseases and create medicines, as well as perform surgical operations that require special precision.

Agricultural engineer studies food molecules. It helps to create new products from already existing species food. The microscope is also used to control the quality of food, which can prevent many diseases.

Criminalists investigate crimes using scientific methods. They use a microscope to examine evidence left at the crime scene. A microscope helps to collect and study fingerprints.

Microscope

In our laboratory kindergarten we will work with an optical microscope that runs on batteries. The main task of this microscope is to show the object in an enlarged form.

I introduced the children to this microscope, told what it consists of, how it works.

Children learned what items are included in his set:

Transparent plates, with their help you can save samples that have been studied earlier;

Tweezers and a stick for stirring;

Needle, scalpel and micro-cut;

Petri dish.

Before conducting research, the children learned the rules for working with a microscope:

1. Place the microscope on a flat surface.

2. Check the backlight. Set the sample on the stand and clamp the plate, turn the knob to obtain a 150x magnification.

3. Look into the eyepiece. Use the focus control to move the lens as close as possible to the platinum without touching it. Then turn the control in the opposite direction until the image is clear.

4. With the help of light filters, you can change the colors of the objects in question.

5. If the image is too dark, you can adjust the brightness of the backlight.

6. Select an object for research and focus.

Microscope experiments.

Under a microscope, you can literally see all this is interesting and informative.

1. Composition of plants

Everything from seeds to leaves of trees and other plants is alive. These objects are made up of thousands of tiny cells that help plants grow, develop and reproduce. So they are visible under a microscope, like small bricks. Why are they called cells? This name was invented by the English botanist R. Hooke. Examining a section of cork under a microscope, he noticed that it consisted of "many boxes." And he also called these "boxes" cameras and ... cells.

A microscope will help you learn that all living things are made up of cells. Under a microscope, you can see not only the cell, but also consider its structure.

Experience 1. Leaflet.

The leaves are the nose of the tree. They have 2 main functions: absorption sun rays, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Take a nice green maple leaf. Let's cut off a small piece of it. Let's place this piece on the plate, fix it on the stand, we will use direct lighting.

The sheet has a simple structure. It consists of a cutting that extends from a tree trunk or twig. The veins are the skeleton of the plant. Sheet platinum is the main fabric of the sheet. On each side of the leaf there are 2 types of cells that are responsible for both functions. Outside there are chloroplasts that are responsible for capturing sunlight. On the inside there are stomata that absorb carbon dioxide during the day and oxygen at night.

Why are the leaves green? Chlorophyll is the green pigment in the leaf. This is something like the "blood" of the leaf. In autumn, the leaf will turn red or yellow as the chlorophyll content decreases.

2.People and animals

Man has many similarities with animals. They are made up of identical cells. These cells allow them to live, think, move and reproduce. Let's conduct an experiment that will open the wonderful world of animal cells.

Experience 2. Cells in the mouth

Saliva is made up of many animal cells. Surprisingly, they are almost indistinguishable from plant cells!

With a clean cotton swab, collect some saliva from the inside of the cheek. Place a small amount of the resulting sample on the plate, spread over it, cover with another transparent plate and let dry for a few minutes. The observation will be carried out with a magnification of 400 times and using reflected light.

Saliva makes it easy to observe animal cells. Most of the cells in this sample died, but retained their structure, similar to the structure of plant cells - the nucleus, which is the vital center, which is immersed in the cytoplasm. Inside the cytoplasm there are nutrients that allow the cell to live, but, unfortunately, are not visible under a microscope. The membrane protects the cell. hallmark from plant cells is that animal cells do not have a regular shape and can be of different sizes.

Your body is made up of a specific set of cells. For example, red blood cells, blood cells that do not have a nucleus, and the brain consists of cells called neurons.

Items in your home.

There are a lot of interesting things in your house. In the closet, in the refrigerator, in the living room there are many objects with which you can experiment.

Experience 3. Sugar in food.

All children love sweets, breakfast cereals or chocolate paste. All of these foods contain sugar.

You will need to make two samples. On the first place sugar, on the second chocolate powder (cocoa). We will conduct the experiment at low magnification.

Under a microscope, sugar particles can be distinguished in cocoa powder. These are small transparent pieces against the background of chocolate granules. They make up almost 65% of cocoa powder. In fact, this is exactly the sugar that we add to tea and coffee. Chocolate powder is not the best sweet product. For example, there are 9 lumps of sugar in a bottle of soda. In addition, one cookie contains 1 lump of sugar, and candies are almost entirely made up of it. Therefore, to stay healthy, do not abuse these products.

What fruits are the sweetest? There are 7 lumps of sugar per 100g of dates. Then comes grapes and bananas. But in strawberries, on the contrary, contains the least amount of sugar.

This concludes our research. We took pictures of all the objects that were examined under a microscope.

Conclusion

By examining various objects under a microscope, a person learns the nature of life itself. By carrying out this project, we learned the history of the creation of the first microscope, and what kind of person is now using in modern life.

We learned how to use an optical microscope - a device for obtaining enlarged images of objects invisible to the naked eye. We learned what it consists of and how to work with it. Conducted several experiments on the study of enlarged objects. Indeed, this fascinating activity is to examine something through a microscope.

Conclusions:

1. Get to know interesting history the invention of the microscope.

2. We learned what microscopes are made of and what they are.

3. We did some very interesting and informative experiments.

4. A microscope is an interesting thing!

Application No. 1

Thematic planning

Download:

Preview:

"Microscope"

Informative - research project"Microscope"

Project type: short-term research

Duration: 4 weeks

Participants: teacher and pupils middle group"Flowers".

Target:

Tasks:

Project relevance

Project Implementation Mechanism

Expected results

Main part

The history of the creation of the microscope.

Types of microscopes.

Professions that use a microscope.

Microscope

Petri dish.

Microscope experiments.

1. Composition of plants

Experience 1. Leaflet.

Why are the leaves green?

2.People and animals

Experience 2. Cells in the mouth

What other cells live in your body?

Items in your home.

Experience 3. Sugar in food.

What fruits are the sweetest?

Conclusion

Conclusions:

Application No. 1

Thematic planning

Preview:

Cognitive - research project on the topic

"Microscope"

Cognitive - research project "Microscope"

Project type: short-term research

Duration: 4 weeks

Participants: teacher and pupils of the middle group "Flowers".

Target:

Explore the possibilities of a microscope for objects of animate and inanimate nature

Tasks:

1. Learn the history of the microscope.

2. Find out what microscopes are made of and what they can be.

3. Conduct experiments with research elements.

Project relevance

Among preschoolers, it is not easy to find those who are not interested in the structure of all life on Earth. Every day, children ask dozens of the most difficult questions to their moms and dads. Curious kids are definitely interested in everything: what animals and plants consist of, what nettles burn, why some leaves are smooth and others are fluffy, like a grasshopper chirps, why the tomato is red, and the cucumber is green. And it is the microscope that will provide an opportunity to find answers to many children's "why". It is much more interesting not just to listen to my mother's story about some kind of cells, but to look at these cells with my own eyes. It's hard to even imagine how exciting pictures can be seen through the eyepiece of a microscope, what amazing discoveries your little naturalist will make.

Classes with a microscope will help the baby to expand knowledge about the world around him, create the necessary conditions for cognitive activity, experimentation, systematic observation of all kinds of living and non-living objects. The baby will develop curiosity, interest in the phenomena taking place around him. He will ask questions and look for answers on his own. A little researcher will be able to take a completely different look at the simplest things, see their beauty and uniqueness. All this will become a solid basis for further development and learning.

The project is designed to show children, using the example of a microscope, the possibilities of using instruments to study objects and phenomena of the world around them, broaden their horizons, and involve them in experimental and design activities using a microscope.

Project Implementation Mechanism

The implementation of the project was carried out through the selection of material, conducting experiments.

Expected results

• Increasing the level of environmental education of preschool children.

• The emergence of a desire to experiment using a microscope.
• Gain practical knowledge on the use of a microscope.

Main part

The history of the creation of the microscope.

Microscope (from Greek - small and look) - an optical device for obtaining enlarged images of objects invisible to the naked eye.

It's fun to look at something through a microscope. But who invented this miracle - a microscope?

Three hundred and fifty years ago, a spectacle master lived in the Dutch city of Middelburg. He patiently polished glasses, made glasses and sold them to anyone who needed it. He had two children - two boys. They were very fond of climbing into their father's workshop and playing with his instruments and glasses, although this was forbidden to them. And then one day, when the father went away somewhere, the guys made their way, as usual, to his workbench - is there anything new that you can have fun with? Glasses prepared for glasses lay on the table, and in the corner lay a short copper tube: from it the master was going to cut out rings - a frame for glasses. The guys squeezed spectacle glass into the ends of the tube. The older boy put a tube to his eye and looked at the page of an open book that was lying on the table here. To his surprise, the letters became huge. The younger looked into the phone and shouted, amazed: he saw a comma, but what a comma - it looked like a fat worm! The guys aimed the tube at the glass dust left after the glass was polished. And they saw not dust, but a bunch of glass grains. The tube turned out to be downright magical: it greatly enlarged all objects. The children told their father about their discovery. He did not even scold them: he was so surprised by the extraordinary property of the pipe. He tried to make another tube with the same glasses, long and extendable. The new tube increased even better. This was the first microscope. It was accidentally invented in 1590 by the spectacle master Zakharia Jansen, or rather, his children.

A microscope can be called an instrument that reveals secrets. Microscopes looked different in different years, but every year they became more and more complex, and they began to have many details.

Types of microscopes.

There are many different types of magnifiers. For example, magnifiers, telescopes, binoculars, microscopes. What are microscopes?

There are 3 types of microscopes.

1. The optical microscope, which was invented back in the 16th century. It consists of 2 lenses, one of which is for the eye, the other for the object you want to see.
2. The electron microscope was invented in the early 20th century. The observed object is scanned by an electron laser, which analyzes the particles using a computer that recreates a three-dimensional image of the observed object.
3. The scanning tunneling microscope and the atomic force microscope were later invented and can be used to see infinitely small particles.

Professions that use a microscope.

Chemists use a microscope to study molecules. By seeing what is invisible to the naked eye, they can mix molecules and create new materials called plastics.

Doctors and biologists use the microscope to understand the functioning of living organisms. With the help of a microscope, doctors study various diseases and create medicines, as well as perform surgical operations that require special precision.

Agricultural engineer studies food molecules. It helps to create new products from already existing types of food. The microscope is also used to control the quality of food, which can prevent many diseases.

Criminalists investigate crimes using scientific methods. They use a microscope to examine evidence left at the crime scene. A microscope helps to collect and study fingerprints.

Microscope

In the laboratory of our kindergarten, we will work with an optical microscope that runs on batteries. The main task of this microscope is to show the object in an enlarged form.

I introduced the children to this microscope, told what it consists of, how it works.

Children learned what items are included in his set:

Transparent plates, with their help you can save samples that have been studied earlier;

Tweezers and a stick for stirring;

Needle, scalpel and micro-cut;

Petri dish.

Before conducting research, the children learned the rules for working with a microscope:

1. Place the microscope on a flat surface.

2. Check the backlight. Set the sample on the stand and clamp the plate, turn the knob to obtain a 150x magnification.

3. Look into the eyepiece. Use the focus control to move the lens as close as possible to the platinum without touching it. Then turn the control in the opposite direction until the image is clear.

4. With the help of light filters, you can change the colors of the objects in question.

5. If the image is too dark, you can adjust the brightness of the backlight.

6. Select an object for research and focus.

Microscope experiments.

Under a microscope, you can literally see all this is interesting and informative.

1. Composition of plants

Everything from seeds to leaves of trees and other plants is alive. These objects are made up of thousands of tiny cells that help plants grow, develop and reproduce. So they are visible under a microscope, like small bricks. Why are they called cells? This name was invented by the English botanist R. Hooke. Examining a section of cork under a microscope, he noticed that it consisted of "many boxes." And he also called these "boxes" cameras and ... cells.

A microscope will help you learn that all living things are made up of cells. Under a microscope, you can see not only the cell, but also consider its structure.

Experience 1. Leaflet.

The leaves are the nose of the tree. They have 2 main functions: absorption of sunlight, carbon dioxide and oxygen. Take a nice green maple leaf. Let's cut off a small piece of it. Let's place this piece on the plate, fix it on the stand, we will use direct lighting.

The sheet has a simple structure. It consists of a cutting that extends from a tree trunk or twig. The veins are the skeleton of the plant. Sheet platinum is the main fabric of the sheet. On each side of the leaf there are 2 types of cells that are responsible for both functions. Outside, there are chloroplasts that are responsible for capturing sunlight. On the inside there are stomata that absorb carbon dioxide during the day and oxygen at night.

Why are the leaves green?Chlorophyll is the green pigment in the leaf. This is something like the "blood" of the leaf. In autumn, the leaf will turn red or yellow as the chlorophyll content decreases.

2.People and animals

Man has many similarities with animals. They are made up of identical cells. These cells allow them to live, think, move and reproduce. Let's conduct an experiment that will open the wonderful world of animal cells.

Experience 2. Cells in the mouth

Saliva is made up of many animal cells. Surprisingly, they are almost indistinguishable from plant cells!

With a clean cotton swab, collect some saliva from the inside of the cheek. Place a small amount of the resulting sample on the plate, spread over it, cover with another transparent plate and let dry for a few minutes. The observation will be carried out with a magnification of 400 times and using reflected light.

Saliva makes it easy to observe animal cells. Most of the cells in this sample died, but retained their structure, similar to the structure of plant cells - the nucleus, which is the vital center, which is immersed in the cytoplasm. Inside the cytoplasm there are nutrients that allow the cell to live, but, unfortunately, are not visible under a microscope. The membrane protects the cell. A distinctive feature from plant cells is that animal cells do not have a regular shape and can be of different sizes.

What other cells live in your body?Your body is made up of a specific set of cells. For example, red blood cells, blood cells that do not have a nucleus, and the brain consists of cells called neurons.

Items in your home.

There are a lot of interesting things in your house. In the closet, in the refrigerator, in the living room there are many objects with which you can experiment.

Experience 3. Sugar in food.

All children love sweets, breakfast cereals or chocolate paste. All of these foods contain sugar.

You will need to make two samples. On the first place sugar, on the second chocolate powder (cocoa). We will conduct the experiment at low magnification.

Under a microscope, sugar particles can be distinguished in cocoa powder. These are small transparent pieces against the background of chocolate granules. They make up almost 65% of cocoa powder. In fact, this is exactly the sugar that we add to tea and coffee. Chocolate powder is not the sweetest product. For example, there are 9 lumps of sugar in a bottle of soda. In addition, one cookie contains 1 lump of sugar, and candies are almost entirely made up of it. Therefore, to stay healthy, do not abuse these products.

What fruits are the sweetest?There are 7 lumps of sugar per 100g of dates. Then comes grapes and bananas. But in strawberries, on the contrary, contains the least amount of sugar.

This concludes our research. We took pictures of all the objects that were examined under a microscope.

Conclusion

By examining various objects under a microscope, a person learns the nature of life itself. By carrying out this project, we learned the history of the creation of the first microscope, and what kind of person is now using in modern life.

We learned how to use an optical microscope - a device for obtaining enlarged images of objects invisible to the naked eye. We learned what it consists of and how to work with it. Conducted several experiments on the study of enlarged objects. Indeed, this fascinating activity is to examine something through a microscope.

Conclusions:

1. We got acquainted with the interesting history of the invention of the microscope.

2. We learned what microscopes are made of and what they are.

3. We did some very interesting and informative experiments.

4. A microscope is an interesting thing!

Application No. 1

Thematic planning

Natalia Shibakova

Synopsis of directly organized activities on the topic:

"Miracles in the microscope!"

Compiled and conducted

Group teacher:

Shibakova Natalia Valerievna

Provide basic knowledge of the microscope.

To introduce children to the most important and fascinating means of conducting experiments - a microscope;

Organize children's experimentation with a microscope;

To consolidate the ability to pay attention to the structure and color of the samples prepared for the experiment, to compare, draw conclusions;

Enrich children with new, interesting knowledge;

To develop curiosity, inquisitiveness, patience, the ability to bring what has been started to its logical end;

Introduce the concept of "cell" and "cellular structure" on visual material (fruits, vegetables, water, hair);

Develop the ability to answer questions in full sentences.

Activation and replenishment of the active and passive vocabulary following words and expressions: microscope, screen, mechanism, part, lens, eyepiece, tube, object table, reflecting mirror, focusing mechanism, tripod, tweezers, glass slide, cover slip, hollow.

I part.

Q - Guys, look at the screen and answer the question - what is the name of this item? Who knows?

D - This object is called a microscope!

B - Right! A microscope is shown on the screen! What do you think it is for?

E - A microscope is needed in order to examine the smallest objects!

B - What good fellows, right! Now take a closer look at the microscope, it is a very complex mechanism that consists of many parts, like a bicycle… what parts does it consist of (steering wheel, wheels, saddle, frame, chain, pedals, spokes?

D - A bicycle consists of such parts as: steering wheel, wheels ...

Q - Do you know what parts a microscope consists of?

D - No, we do not know what parts it consists of.

Q - Then I think it will be interesting for you to find out today, look at the screen ...

1) The lens is the most important part of the microscope! Because it contains one small, but important detail- lens! It is also called a magnifying glass, you have probably heard this name. It is with the help of a lens hidden in the lens that we can see the smallest objects, and even see what they consist of. The quality of the image, that is, the picture that your eyes see, depends on the lens.

On the complex microscopes used by scientists, there are several lenses at once, this was done in order to make it more convenient to work and see the same object with different magnifications.

Why do you think you can see the same object with different magnifications?

Because lenses are different strength, or power. Weak lenses magnify the subject quite a bit, but strong lenses magnify the subject very well, so well that literally everything is visible! Even microbes! And they, as you already know, are not visible to our eyes at all.

2) The eyepiece is the part of the microscope that is closest to our eyes. The eyepiece is covered with glass. This is done in order to protect the lens and lens from dust. The lens and the eyepiece are like brothers, always being friends and working together.

Let's show the eyepiece with our palms (join the palm in a circle and look through it).

3) Look, this part of the microscope is called a tube! What does he look like? That's right, on the phone! A tube is a hollow, that is, an empty tube that connects the lens and the eyepiece to each other at a certain distance and at a certain angle, so that it is convenient to examine objects under a microscope!

TUBUS is a tunnel that helps the eyepiece and the lens to be friends! We can show it to you too! (make tubes from both palms, and connect them at an angle - you get an eyepiece and a tube)

4) The subject table is the place where the object that we want to consider is placed.

How can we show the object table? That's right, with a straight palm.

5) A reflecting mirror is a special mirror that is used to illuminate the object in question. This is an unusual mirror, it is not like the mirrors that each of us has at home. The reflecting mirror collects the rays of light that come from the lamp, the window and directs them to the object we are considering, illuminating it.

6) Look at the tube. Another important part of the microscope was hidden on its back - the focusing mechanism! (repeat the name syllable by syllable) Difficult name, isn't it? And now let's repeat its name together! FO-KU-SI-RO-VOC-NY ME-HA-NI-ZM! We'll just call him the magician! This mechanism really knows how to show tricks! You look through the eyepiece for a drop, but you can't see it at all. That's when the magician comes to the rescue! You just need to twist the handle a little, and the droplet will become visible! Let's turn the handle together forward (perform rotational movements) and back. Well done, everyone did great! Real magicians!

7) And this part of the microscope is called a tripod! It is to it that all other parts of the microscope are attached.

How can you show the tripod? (stand up straight, don't move)

The microscope has little helpers:

tweezers - with its help we take and carry small pieces of different objects so as not to break or spoil them;

glass slide - needed in order to put on it various items that you want to consider;

cover slip - a cover slip covers an object lying on a glass slide.

Questions for children:

What is a microscope? What is it for?

What are the parts of a microscope? (Eyepiece, Objective, Tube, Stage, Reflecting Mirror, Focusing Mechanism, Tripod)

What are microscope assistants called? (tweezers, slide and coverslip)

Experience 1: Examination of finished samples.

Purpose: To consolidate the ability to pay attention to the structure and color of the samples prepared for the experiment, to compare, draw conclusions;

Experience 2: "Transparency"

Dilution of a strong solution of sea salt and a sweet solution (sugar);

Applying it to dashboards;

Allow the solution to dry and only then examine under a microscope;

Purpose: To draw the attention of children to the transparency of salty and sweet water.

Experience 3: "Air Wizard"

Consider a slice of potato and banana;

Note that under the influence of oxygen (air, the sections become dark.

Purpose: To show the influence of the external environment on the product.

Experience 4: “What does what consist of?”

Examining the structure of a slice of a sheet;

Examination of salt and sugar crystals (what is common and how are they different);

Examining the fibers of a banana and a potato (what is similar and how are they different).

Purpose: To introduce the concept of "cell" and show children the cellular structure using the example of fruits, vegetables, water.

Experience 5: "The structure of the hair"

Examination of the structure of the hair;

Purpose: to continue acquaintance with the cellular structure using the example of a hair.

Initially, looking at small living creatures through a microscope was a kind of fun for inquisitive minds. It took a long time before it was put on scientific basis. Thanks to this, scientists were able to link the presence of living microorganisms with the occurrence of diseases and epidemics.

Today, the development of science in general and medicine in particular is no longer imaginable without microbiology. Serious scientific research is carried out in laboratories using special equipment, but some experiments can be repeated at home.

The existence of bacteria is now known to every student. elementary school, but this was not always the case. For the first time, a scientist from the Netherlands, Anthony van Leeuwenhoek, was able to see bacteria in 1674. In order to conduct research and study of bacteria, he had to independently develop and create the first microscope in the history of mankind.

A little later, in 1828, the name "bacteria" appeared (from the Greek "little stick"). The word was introduced by the German scientist Christian Ehrenberg.

Still later, the Frenchman Louis Pasteur and the German Robert Koch, continuing to work on, linked the occurrence of diseases with the presence of bacteria in the human or animal body. For the creation of the bacteriological theory of the origin of diseases, Robert Koch was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1905.

In the 19th century, the world already understood the danger posed by pathogenic bacteria, but people did not immediately learn how to deal with them in an organized manner. It wasn't until 1910 that Raphael Ehrlich created the first antibiotic.

Why microbial research is needed

The study of living microorganisms is necessary for the detection and identification of the causative agent of the disease in the human body, animal or in the environment. The microbiological laboratory studies pathogenic bacteria, determines their type and tests for resistance to antimicrobial drugs.

Microbiological examination is necessary not only to establish an accurate diagnosis (blood, urine, feces, mucus), but also to determine the safety for humans environment. For example, the sanitary and epidemiological service without fail examines products intended for sale to the population.

Sampling for research

To get an idea about the state of a person, animal or environment, we need samples of the material (samples), with which the laboratory will work. For humans and animals, these will be various tests (blood, urine, feces) or smears (mucus), and for the study of products or the environment, a small amount of the product itself (meat, milk and dairy products) or the environment is used.

Samples for each type of research are taken according to a certain method, but there are several general rules. Sterile glassware should be used and, if possible, sampling should be carried out under aseptic (decontaminated) conditions. Samples are delivered to the laboratory as soon as possible, if necessary in cold boxes. Compliance with these conditions is especially necessary in medicine.

Some samples may be hazardous to health, so it is especially important to properly complete the accompanying documentation.

Methods for the study of microorganisms

So, the samples were taken and delivered to the laboratory. Do you think that now it is enough to look into the microscope to figure out what's what? In fact, everything is much more complicated. There are several basic methods for determining live bacteria.

Bacteriological is called (sowing) in various biological samples - material from a sick person or animal, environmental samples, feed, meat, milk, etc.

Microscopy, i.e. examination under a microscope of a laboratory sample, makes it possible to determine total number microorganisms, their shape, size and structure (their morphology).

But you can’t just stick a test tube with milk or urine under a microscope. To study live (non-fixed) bacteria, preparations prepared by one of two methods are used:

1. Crushed drop method. A drop of material is applied to a glass slide and covered with a coverslip. The liquid should be distributed over the entire surface, but not protrude beyond the border of the coverslip.
2. The hanging drop method is used for live microorganisms where colony growth is possible. With this method, you can observe the object for several days. The test material is dripped onto the coverslip, quickly turned upside down and carefully placed on the prepared glass slide with a hole in the middle. The edges of the well are pre-lubricated with petroleum jelly to completely isolate the sample. The slides are then inverted again and a free hanging drop is obtained.

To study pathological (dangerous to health) material, imprint smears (from organs, tissues) or thin smears from other material are used. The samples are dried, fixed (most often by passing the sample over a burner), and stained.

Sediment microscopy

With some research methods, not only the laboratory material itself is studied, but also the precipitate that forms. This method is used in the analysis of urine.

Urinalysis is needed to diagnose and control many diseases. Morphological examination of urine sediment is carried out as follows: 10-12 ml of urine is poured into a test tube, placed in a centrifuge (speed 1500-2000 rpm) for 10-15 minutes. The remaining urine is drained, and the sediment is mixed.

When conducting microscopy of the urine sediment, the presence of cell elements in it is determined - erythrocytes, leukocytes, cylinders, salts and epithelial cells.

Growing Cultures of Microorganisms

Seeded laboratory cups and test tubes are sent to a thermostat, where they are kept at the required temperature for one or two days, and sometimes (tuberculosis) for up to three to four weeks. The morphology is then compared with known bacterial features described in classification schemes or microbial guides.

Is it possible to grow bacteria at home

Children will be curious to try growing their own at home. In addition, such experience will help them in biology lessons at school.

Bacteria are everywhere, on all surfaces, in water, air, soil. The easiest way at home is to use microorganisms that live on kitchen surfaces or in the toilet. To do this, you need a Petri dish, a nutrient medium (agar-agar or meat broth) and a cotton swab.

Wash the Petri dish thoroughly, place a small amount of agar-agar or a few drops in it. meat broth. With a cotton swab, wipe any surface of your choice and dip the swab into the nutrient medium. Cover the Petri dish tightly and place it in a warm place where you can leave it for 2-3 days. Every day, watch what is happening, you can take drawings or photographs. Show the kids what's interesting scientific experiments You can also set it up at home!

Milk pasteurization

It is too interesting experience, which can be carried out at home, only aimed at the destruction of bacteria.

The Frenchman Louis Pasteur owes the world the appearance of long-term storage (pasteurized) milk. This scientist developed a process for being in a liquid. True, Pasteur processed wine and beer, not milk.

Pasteurization of milk consists in heating it to a temperature close to the boiling point and keeping it under such conditions. When pasteurizing milk, unlike boiling, its taste, smell and consistency do not change. This is a simple and cheap way to disinfect milk. In addition, all fermented milk products are now also made from pre-pasteurized milk.

In a conventional kitchen, you can easily pasteurize milk. To do this, a container of milk is placed on a steam bath (in a pot of hot water) and, with constant stirring, is brought to a temperature of 63 - 65 ° C. After half an hour, the container with milk is transferred to cold water to lower the temperature faster.

Carriers of bacteria

In addition to harmless microorganisms living next to us, there are hidden enemies. Microbes that we do not know about, like a time bomb, live in our body and can "explode" at any moment.

Pathogenic bacteria and the human body are in balance for some time, which can be disturbed by strengthening or weakening of immunity. In the first case, the body's defense system overcomes the disease, the carriage as a process stops. Otherwise, the weakening of the immune system leads to disease.

Carrier types:

1. Healthy carrier. Pathogenic bacteria exist in cells externally healthy person. As a rule, this process does not last long and is accompanied by a small amount of pathogenic bacteria - most often diphtheria bacillus, pathogens of scarlet fever and dysentery.
2. Incubation carriage is observed in all infectious diseases, but does not always mean that the pathogen is released into the environment.
3. Acute carriage is called when the release of pathogenic microbes lasts from several days to several weeks after the person has had the disease. If the process lasts longer than the established period, the carriage is considered chronic.

Carriage can only be determined by methods of laboratory research, isolating pathogens from urine, blood, mucus, feces. Carriers are treated in the hospital with antibiotics and vaccines.

diphtheria bacillus

One of the pathogens transmitted by the carrier is diphtheria bacillus. This microbe has many forms, but is well defined by aniline staining.

Diphtheria bacteria grow at free access of oxygen and temperature from 15 to 40⁰С. They reproduce well in an environment containing blood. That is, in the human body there are all the necessary conditions for the growth of diphtheria bacilli.

The diphtheria bacterium is also spread by airborne droplets and poses a great threat to health. With diphtheria, acute inflammation of the upper respiratory tract occurs and the body is poisoned by toxins secreted by the diphtheria bacillus. This last circumstance leads to serious damage to the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

For bacterioscopy, mucus and films are taken from the pharynx using dry cotton swabs. The analysis must be delivered to the laboratory in three hours or less. If this is not possible, inoculation is carried out on the spot in a Petri dish and it is already sent for research. The result appears after 24 or 48 hours.